However, biological interpretation is often limited by the difficulty to link a given pattern to prior molecular gradients and/or cell behaviours occurring in the absence of spatial reference in the a priori naïve, unpatterned tissue. On the other hand, genetic screens and expression analyses of developmental factors-sometimes guided by modelling-have identified candidate molecules and cellular events putatively involved in pattern formation in vivo. Choosing and building models that not only accurately anticipate patterns but also guide relevant tests of in vivo patterning mechanisms thus often remains challenging. In addition, each of these models (both in their equations and stationary solutions) potentially describes various developmental mechanisms. However, a single final pattern can often be reproduced by a variety of models. The diverse shapes and motifs that adorn animals have been a long-standing interest of theoreticians and developmental biologists: how can patterns arise from homogeneous structures during the development of an organism in an often highly organised and reproducible manner? On the one hand, numerous modelling studies, frequently assuming a chemical basis for pattern-forming factors (for review ) but also recently integrating cellular and mechanochemical processes (for review ), led to the theorisation of self-organising dynamics to explain the emergence of many patterns. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was funded by a European Research Council Starting Grant #639060 to MM ( ). ![]() Received: ApAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 2, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Bailleul et al. Hill, Cancer Research UK London Research Laboratories, UNITED KINGDOM PLoS Biol 17(10):Īcademic Editor: Caroline S. These results show that universal mechanisms combining prepatterning and self-organisation govern the timely emergence of the plumage pattern in birds.Ĭitation: Bailleul R, Curantz C, Desmarquet-Trin Dinh C, Hidalgo M, Touboul J, Manceau M (2019) Symmetry breaking in the embryonic skin triggers directional and sequential plumage patterning. This front propagates through the timely transfer of increased cell density mediated by cell proliferation, which controls overall patterning duration. We showed that directional and sequential pattern progression depends on a species-specific prepattern: an initial break in surface symmetry launches a travelling front of sharply defined, oriented domains with self-organising capacity. We used in vivo and ex vivo experiments to test its parameter-based predictions. Here, we surveyed plumage patterns and their emergence in Galliformes, ratites, passerines, and penguins, together representing the three major taxa of the avian phylogeny, and built a unified model that not only reproduces final patterns but also intrinsically generates shared and varying directionality, sequence, and duration of patterning. Consequently, little is known about pattern-forming events. ![]() Simulations of various theoretical models recapitulate final states of natural patterns, yet drawing testable hypotheses from those often remains difficult. The development of an organism involves the formation of patterns from initially homogeneous surfaces in a reproducible manner.
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